Published on March 20th, 2017 by Nicholas McCullum
Warren Buffett is arguably the most famous (and most successful) investor of all time.
As Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Berkshire Hathaway (BRK.A) (BRK.B), Buffett overseas a ~$150 billion portfolio of common stock investments.
You can see Warren Buffett’s top 20 high yield dividend stocks analyzed here.
Unfortunately, Buffett’s tenure with Berkshire Hathaway will come to an end one day. Buffett is currently 86 years old.
In a recent Bloomberg interview, Buffett said that if he were to “die tomorrow”, Berkshire’s board would know “exactly who to put” as CEO and Buffett’s son Howard would become the company’s non-executive chairman.
While a succession plan appears to be in place, there has been much speculation about the future of Berkshire once Buffett is no longer at the helm. One of the possibilities is a breakup of Berkshire’s various operating units into individual corporate entities.
This post will analyze the possibility of a Berkshire breakup in detail.
Berkshire Hathaway Business Overview
Berkshire Hathaway is a diversified conglomerate with literally hundreds of operating subsidiaries. For reporting purposes, here is how Berkshire divides the company:
Insurance: $50.4 billion of 2016 revenues BNSF: $19.8 billion of 2016 revenues Berkshire Hathaway Energy: $17.9 billion of 2016 revenues Manufacturing: $46.5 billion of 2016 revenues McLane Company: $48.1 billion of 2016 revenues Service and Retailing: $25.5 billion of 2016 revenues Finance and Financial Products: $7.7 billion of 2016 revenuesBerkshire also has a substantial portfolio of stocks that includes household names such as American Express (AXP), Wells Fargo (WFC), Kraft Heinz (KHC), United Parcel Service (UPS), and General Motors (GM).
Berkshire has a relatively unique capital structure. The company has two classes of common stock, with the Class A stock having the highest market price that I have ever seen.
Berkshire Hathaway Class A Stock: $258,952.00 market price (!!!) Berkshire Hathaway Class B Stock: $172.82 market priceEach share of Class A common stock is convertible at the option of the holder into 1,500 shares of Class B common stock.
At prevailing market prices, this option turns a Class A share into Class B stock worth $259,230 – indicating there is minimal inefficiency between the two classes of Berkshire stock.
Berkshire Hathaway has grown to its current size by purchasing high-quality companies with exceptional management teams and allowing these management teams to run their companies on a decentralized basis.
Berkshire’s decentralized management structure is very unique and unlike any other I have seen among publicly-traded companies. Remarkably, only a very small portion of Berkshire’s employees operate at corporate headquarters.
“Though Berkshire has about 367,000 employees, only 25 of these are at headquarters.” – Warren Buffett in Berkshire Hathaway’s 2016 Annual Report
This would not be possible without strong leadership at the helm of each operating company.
Time and time again, Buffett has written and spoken on the importance of hiring high-quality individuals to lead Berkshire Hathaway’s subsidiaries.
“Having first-rate people on the team is more important than designing hierarchies and clarifying who reports to whom.”
“Somebody once said that in looking for people to hire, you look for three qualities: integrity, intelligence, and energy. And if you don’t have the first, the other two will kill you. You think about it; it’s true. If you hire somebody without [integrity], you really want them to be dumb and lazy.”
Berkshire’s decentralized management structure and strong middle management are two reasons why investors have speculated on the possibility of spin-offs after Buffett’s departure.
Competent management means that investors can have faith that spun-off entities will still maintain their competitive advantages and earn strong returns on invested capital, even in the absence of Warren Buffett.
Factors Effecting Business Spin-Offs
To determine whether or not Berkshire Hathaway will be broken up after Warren Buffett’s departure as CEO, it will help to examine historical cases of large businesses being broken into smaller entities.
There are two main examples of this: the breakup of the Bell system and the breakup of Standard Oil.
The Bell breakup, which was effective January 1, 1984, occurred when the Bell group of companies was spun-off into seven separate “Regional Holding Companies”:
Ameritech Bell Atlantic BellSouth NYNEX Corporation Pacific Telesis Southwestern Bell US WestSome of these companies eventually transformed into the AT&T (T) and Verizon (VZ) that still exist today.
The reason why Bell was broken up was because of monopoly that the predecessor company had over the telephone industry.
Since there were no real competitors in the space, the previous company had complete control over the telephone markets and this was seen to hurt consumers. The split-up was instigated when the United States Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit in 1974.
Standard Oil was the other major historical corporate breakup. Standard Oil was John D. Rockefeller’s oil conglomerate that he founded in 1870.
By employing aggressive pricing practicings and economies of scale to undercut competitors and push them out of business, Standard Oil soon became one of the world’s first multinational corporations and enjoyed a monopoly in the oil industry.
The United States Supreme Court recognized this and ruled that Standard Oil be split into 34 smaller companies in 1911. When this occurred, Rockefeller became one of the richest men ever as the aggregate income from the Standard Oil spin-offs proved to be much larger than the predecessor company.
Two of Standard Oil’s daughter companies eventually merged to become Exxon Mobil (XOM), the largest publicly-traded oil company today.
Both of these examples are unlike the current Berkshire Hathaway because Berkshire is so diversified. It does not have a monopoly, unlike Standard Oil and AT&T, which means that regulators have no need to raise antitrust concerns with Berkshire’s management.
A Berkshire Hathaway corporate break-up would be aimed at unlocking shareholder value rather than addressing monopoly concerns.
Potential Spin-Offs
A visual snapshot of Berkshire’s current business model based on net earnings can be seen below.
Source: Berkshire Hathaway 2016 Annual Report, page 112
Based on the earnings distribution I have presented above, I believe it would make the most sense for Berkshire to be split into the following units:
Insurance, investments, and finance (“FinanceCo”) Utilities and Energy (“EnergyCo”) Railroad (“BNSF”) Manufacturing, Service, and Retailing (“ServiceCo”)Each of these potential spin-offs will be discussed in detail below.
FinanceCo
This unit would be Berkshire Hathaway’s largest successor by far. As such, I believe that it would make sense for this unit to retain the Berkshire Hathaway name after any business restructuring.
The holdings of this entity would include:
All of Berkshire’s insurance companies (shown below)Source: Berkshire Hathaway 2016 Annual Report, page 116
Berkshire’s portfolio of common stocks (including a sizeable stake in Wells Fargo and a substantial number of Bank of America warrants accumulated during the financial crisis)Performing a valuation analysis on the spun-off FinanceCo is relatively straightforward. We can compare the segment’s earnings to peers from the insurance and finance industry.
Here is a list of large-cap insurance and financial companies along with their price-to-earnings ratios.
Wells Fargo (WFC): 14.7 price-to-earnings ratio Bank of America (BAC): 16.6 price-to-earnings ratio Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD): 13.8 price-to-earnings ratio JP Morgan Chase & Co (JPM): 14.7 price-to-earnings ratio The Allstate Corporation (ALL): 17.7 price-to-earnings ratio Aflac, Inc. (AFL): 11.3 price-to-earnings ratio Cincinnati Financial (CINF): 21.2 price-to-earnings ratioTaking the average price-to-earnings ratio of the above companies gives a valuation multiple of 15.7.
From an earnings perspective, FinanceCo would have ownership of the following Berkshire Hathaway earnings segments:
Investment and Derivative Gains/Losses:$6.5 billion Insurance – Investment Income: $3.6 billion Finance and Financial Products: $1.4 billion Insurance – Underwriting: $1.3 billionFor aggregate earnings power of $12.8 billion. Multiplying this by the average valuation of the comparison companies listed above gives an estimated market value of $201 billion for FinanceCo.
Alternatively, Berkshire Hathaway could spin-off their only insurance operations and perform a corporate inversion where Berkshire shareholders receive the company’s common stock holdings as a special, one-time dividend.
This is similar to an event earlier in Buffett’s career involving a company called Sanborn Map.
Buffett invested in this producer of commercial maps because of its portfolio of high-quality, undervalued securities – not because of its mapmaking business. Buffett’s goal was to unlock value for Sanborn’s shareholders.
After much back-and-forth with the company’s management and board of directors, Buffett succeeded by exchanging the company’s common stock for a proportionate amount of Sanborn’s investment portfolio (which was worth far more).
More details about this corporate inversion can be seen below.
“About 72% of the Sanborn stock, involving 50% of the 1,600 stockholders, was exchanged for portfolio securities at fair value. The map business was left with over $l.25 million in government and municipal bonds as a reserve fund, and a potential corporate capital gains tax of over $1 million was eliminated. The remaining stockholders were left with a slightly improved asset value, substantially higher earnings per share, and an increased dividend rate.“
Source: Buffett Partnership 1960 Investor Letter
It is much more difficult to estimate the shareholder value of this type of corporate event. Further, the tax implications of this corporate action would be highly complex.
For simplicity’s sake, this analysis assumes a spinoff of Berkshire’s insurance and finance operations to be worth ~$200 billion, as measured by the market valuations of comparable companies.
EnergyCo
Berkshire Hathaway owns a large power and utility business that operates under the name Berkshire Hathaway Energy. In fiscal 2016, these businesses generated net income of $2.3 billion.
This business is very similar to certain other publicly-traded companies and if spun-off, would likely carry a similar valuation.
Here is a list of other large-cap utility companies along with their price-to-earnings ratio.
NextEra Energy (NEE): 20.8 price-to-earnings ratio Dominion Resources (D): 22.4 price-to-earnings ratio PPL Corporation (PPL): 13.3 price-to-earnings ratio Southern Company (SO): 19.9 price-to-earnings ratio Consolidated Edison (ED): 18.6 price-to-earnings ratioThe average of the above price-to-earnings ratios is 19.0. Based on Berkshire Energy’s 2016 net income of $2.3 billion, the spun-off company would be valued at ~$44 billion if it generated the average valuation of the above peer group.
BNSF
Burlington Northern Sante Fe (BNSF) is Warren Buffett’s sole railroad holding. It is the second largest railroad in North America behind Union Pacific.
BNSF was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 2010 in a cash-and-stock deal worth $44 billion. At the time, Berkshire already owned ~23% of the publicly-traded BNSF security.
Related: That Big Berkshire Hathaway Railroad Deal
It is reasonable to expect that if spun-off, BNSF would carry a similar valuation to the other Class 1 railroads in North America.
A railroad carries a Class 1 certification if it generates annual operating revenue of $250 million in 1991 dollars. As of 2016, this ~$476 million in operating revenues. Given that BNSF generated ~$3.6 billion in net earnings (not operating revenues) for fiscal 2016, the railroad handily meets the criteria for a Class 1 railroad.
Other large-cap Class 1 railway companies (along with their price-to-earnings ratios) include:
Union Pacific Corporation (UNP): 20.9 price-to-earnings ratio CSX Corporation (CSX): 25.9 price-to-earnings ratio Norfolk Southern Corporation (NSC): 20.4 price-to-earnings ratio Canadian National Railway Company (CNI): 20.7 price-to-earnings ratio Canadian Pacific Railway (CP): 18.5 price-to-earnings ratioThe average of the above valuations is a price-to-earnings ratio of 21.3. Based on BSNF’s 2016 net income of $3.6 billion, I would expect the spun-off entity to have a market capitalization of ~$77 billion.
ServiceCo
Of all of the hypothetical spin-offs discussed in this analysis, ServiceCo would have the highest degree of operational diversity.
Current Berkshire Hathaway operating businesses that would be spun-off with ServiceCo include:
Automobile dealerships Real estate brokerages Newspapers Food companies (including restaurants) A slew of other non-insurance, non-energy, non-railroad businesses from the following listMost notably, this operating unit would certainly contain Precision Castparts, an aerospace equipment manufacturer that Berkshire purchased for ~$37 billion in 2015.
Since this business unit contains so much inherent diversification, it is a bit trickier to value than some of the hypothetical units discussed previously. Here are some proxies for the purpose of valuation:
Emerson Electric (EMR): 24.6 price-to-earnings ratio General Electric (GE): 33.5 price-to-earnings ratio 3M Company (MMM): 23.6 price-to-earnings ratio Illinois Tool Works (ITW): 23.8 price-to-earnings ratioThe average of the above valuation multiples is 26.4. This segment’s 2016 net income of $5.6 billion leads me to estimate a spun-off market capitalization of ~$145 billion.
Final Thoughts
Adding up the estimated market values for the spun-off entities outlined above gives an aggregate value of $466 billion, which compares positively to Berkshire’s current $425 billion market capitalization.
However, this analysis is very hand-wavy in nature. Various assumptions have been made (particularly surrounding the valuation of the spun-off companies) that may or may not be accurate in reality.
Further, there are two big qualitative reasons why I believe Berkshire will not be broken up post-Buffett.
First, there are no antitrust concerns to instigate intervention from the regulators. Although Berkshire is a massive company, it operates in so many different industries that it still has plenty of room to grow before it approaches monopoly territory.
The second reason is centered on the benefits of the current Berkshire model. Berkshire is currently a very efficient company with minimal SG&A costs.
The company also seriously benefits from its operational diversification. When certain sectors are in a recession, Berkshire can operate in a counter-cyclical manner and divert funds from one of its many other businesses to pursue attractive (and value-enhancing) acquisitions.
This has been key to Berkshire’s growth so far.
For investors curious about other possibilities for Berkshire Hathaway after Buffett’s departure (and Buffett’s investing/management style in general), the following Sure Dividend article may be of interest:
Will Berkshire Hathaway Ever Pay a Dividend? 15 Actionable Quotes from Warren Buffett’s 2015 Annual Report 107 Profound Warren Buffett Quotes: Learn to Build Wealth Warren Buffett’s 3 Cornerstones of Sound Investing Warren Buffett’s Billion Dollar Apple Investment The 15 Owner-Related Business Principles of Warren Buffett